What does the term 'innate' refer to?

The term 'innate' refers to characteristics or traits that are natural, inherent, or instinctive, which individuals are born with. This concept often relates to attributes such as reflexes, certain emotional responses, and predispositions that do not require learning or external influence to manifest. In discussing innate qualities within the context of sociology, it can also highlight the contrast between nature and nurture—where innate characteristics are considered by some to be predetermined by biological factors rather than shaped by societal influences.

The other options, which focus on behaviors taught through culture, changeable characteristics, or values learned through socialization, illustrate learned experiences or influences that shape an individual after birth. These concepts are more aligned with the nurture aspect of development, which stands in contrast to the idea of something being innate. Recognizing the distinction between what is innate and what is learned can help in understanding how human behavior and societal norms are formed and influenced.