Which of the following best defines non-material culture?

Non-material culture is best defined as the ideas, beliefs, and behaviors that shape a society. This encompasses the intangible aspects of a culture, such as social norms, values, customs, languages, religious beliefs, and artistic expressions. These elements influence how individuals within a culture interact with one another and understand their world, forming the underlying framework of social life.

This understanding is crucial because while tangible elements—like physical artifacts or laws—represent a culture, they do not fully encapsulate the shared meanings and practices that guide people's actions, which are foundational to cultural identity. Non-material culture also helps individuals navigate their social environment, allowing them to establish connections and cohesiveness within their communities.