What defines a "ritualist" in Merton's Strain Theory?

In Merton's Strain Theory, a "ritualist" is characterized by their acceptance of the means of achieving societal goals while simultaneously rejecting the cultural goals themselves. This means that ritualists adhere to the traditional pathways and practices prescribed by society—such as going to school, working a job, and following societal norms—without necessarily believing in or striving for the underlying goals of success and achievement that those means are typically intended to facilitate.

The ritualist may follow societal norms and routines, participating in society in a conventional manner, but they do so without the aspiration for success that drives others. For example, a ritualist might remain in a job for years without seeking promotions or greater recognition, simply going through the motions of daily life without any connection to the broader societal ambitions of wealth or status. This highlights a critical aspect of Merton's theory, illustrating how individuals can become disconnected from the goals that society promotes while still adhering to the means established to achieve them.

The other options describe different adaptations within Merton's framework, such as rejecting means and goals, innovating new means, or accepting both goals and means, but they do not encapsulate the unique stance of the ritualist.