Which of the following best describes a retreatist in sociology?

A retreatist in sociology is best described as someone who rejects both societal means and goals. This concept is rooted in Robert K. Merton's strain theory, which categorizes individuals based on their responses to cultural goals and the means available to achieve those goals. Retreatists detach from societal expectations entirely; they withdraw from the competitive nature of social norms and the pursuit of conventional success, often opting for alternative lifestyles that may include substance abuse or complete disengagement from societal activities.

The other options represent different types of responses individuals may have according to Merton's framework. Those who accept the means but reject cultural goals pursue methods prescribed by society but do not strive for the same aspirations, while individuals who follow societal means to achieve personal goals are conformists working within the accepted framework. Lastly, creating new means and goals for oneself reflects a form of innovation where individuals seek to establish their own pathways rather than rejecting them altogether. Each of these responses points to varying degrees of engagement with society, but none fully encapsulates the retreatist's complete rejection of both societal means and goals.